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Thursday, November 21, 2024
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    Regulatory Compliance

    Six Months Left to Comply with Lead and Copper Rule Revisions

    By
    Nate Talley
    -
    Copper Sheets

    Water utilities are on a tight deadline as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) prepares to enforce the Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (LCRR) by October 16, 2024. These revisions are designed to ensure the safety of drinking water and reduce lead exposure in communities across the United States. With six months left, it’s crucial to understand the key requirements and take necessary steps to comply with the rule. The LCRR builds on the original Lead and Copper Rule (LCR), established in 1991 to control the presence of lead and copper in drinking water.

    The updated version, released in 2022, introduces significant changes aimed at better protecting communities from lead contamination. These changes were prompted, in part, by the Flint water crisis, where thousands of residents were exposed to lead poisoning from April 2014 to October 2015. The LCRR includes stricter requirements, expanded testing protocols, and mandatory lead service line replacement for many water systems.

    Under the LCRR, public water systems must submit a comprehensive inventory of service line materials, identifying lead lines, galvanized lines requiring replacement, and unknown materials by the compliance deadline. This inventory is a critical step toward meeting regulatory requirements and mitigating lead exposure. The guidance provided by the EPA emphasizes the importance of transparency and communication with the public regarding the location and condition of lead service lines.

    Additionally, the LCRR introduces new public notification requirements. In the event of a Lead Action Level exceedance, communitywide public notification must occur within 24 hours. This requirement underscores the urgency of addressing lead contamination and maintaining public trust. Stephen Estes-Smargiassi, chair of the American Water Works Association’s (AWWA) Lead and Copper Rule Advisory Committee, advises water utilities to proactively engage with public officials, media, and other stakeholders before starting the sampling process to avoid surprises and ensure clear communication.

    The EPA has released several resources to help water systems comply with the LCRR. The Guidance for Developing and Maintaining a Service Line Inventory provides best practices, a template for creating inventories, and case studies to assist water systems in meeting the October 16 deadline. The Small Entity Compliance Guide, released in June 2023, is tailored to support small community and non-transient non-community water systems. Additionally, the EPA has hosted webinars to educate professionals on the revised rule and funding opportunities through programs like the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) and the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL).

    With six months remaining, water treatment professionals should focus on several key actions to ensure compliance with the LCRR:

    1.       Develop a Comprehensive Service Line Inventory: This step involves identifying all lead and galvanized lines and creating a plan for replacement. The inventory must be submitted by October 16, 2024.

    2.       Communicate with Stakeholders: Proactive communication with public officials, health departments, and community members is essential. Ensure that everyone is aware of the new requirements and the steps being taken to comply with the LCRR.

    3.       Prepare for Public Notification Requirements: Establish a process for communitywide public notification within 24 hours of a Lead Action Level exceedance. This requires coordination with media outlets, public officials, and other stakeholders.

    4.       Stay Informed and Utilize Available Resources: The EPA provides extensive guidance and resources to support compliance efforts. Take advantage of webinars, templates, and other materials to ensure compliance.

    The clock is ticking, so it’s crucial to act now to ensure compliance by October 16, 2024.

    Resources:
    AWWA
    EPA
    OpenGov

    DOE Announces $75 Million Investment in Desalination and Water Reuse Technologies

    By
    Nate Talley
    -
    Water Reuse

    The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has announced an additional $75 million in funding over the next five years for the National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI), a hub focused on desalination and water treatment innovation. This funding aims to continue the progress in developing technologies that reduce the cost and energy required for water purification. As part of its ongoing efforts, NAWI will address the escalating needs for modernized water infrastructure and improved access to potable water, aligning with the national goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050.

    NAWI’s mission, supported by this funding, is to address the critical technical barriers that currently hinder the cost-effectiveness and energy efficiency of water purification technologies. By fostering collaborations among industry, government, and academic partners, NAWI aims to propel significant advancements in desalination technologies. These advancements are crucial for modernizing America’s water infrastructure, increasing access to clean, potable water, and aligning with the national goal of achieving a net-zero emissions economy by 2050.

    The relevance of this initiative is magnified by the interconnectedness of water and energy systems. Water is essential for producing nearly every major energy source, and energy is indispensable for transporting and treating water. The integrated approach that the DOE is advocating through NAWI is designed to synergize efforts to decarbonize the water economy while ensuring secure water futures for communities across the nation.

    For water treatment professionals, the focus of NAWI on piloting integrated energy-efficient and decarbonized water systems is particularly pertinent. This approach not only addresses the immediate needs of treating and delivering water but also emphasizes the reuse of various wastewaters. Such initiatives are vital in a landscape where traditional fresh water supplies are increasingly strained by environmental and demographic pressures.

    Over the past five years, NAWI has already made significant strides by funding over 60 projects that span early-stage research to pilot-scale implementations. These projects have explored a range of innovative water treatment and desalination unit processes, automation technologies, and novel modeling tools and analysis. The outcomes from these projects have contributed to the development of the NAWI Master Roadmap and five sector-specific roadmaps addressing key challenges in desalination and the treatment of nontraditional source waters.

    Looking ahead, NAWI 2.0 aims to deepen its impact by focusing on three primary challenges: Increasing the focus on piloting integrated systems that are not only energy-efficient but also geared towards decarbonization, emphasizing the reuse of a variety of wastewaters, which is increasingly recognized as critical for sustainable water management, convening stakeholders—including technology developers, water managers, and community representatives—to optimize water supply management through collaborative innovation.

    This strategic direction promises to open new avenues for technological development and implementation in the water treatment sector. Water treatment professionals will need to adapt to and engage with these emerging technologies, which will require a combination of technical expertise and strategic thinking. The ability to integrate new processes into existing frameworks, to innovate within regulatory and economic constraints, and to anticipate future water quality challenges will be key to leveraging the opportunities presented by NAWI’s initiatives.

    Furthermore, NAWI’s extensive community, comprising 108 Research Consortium member organizations and over 424 Alliance Organizations, provides a robust network for collaboration and knowledge exchange. This network is an invaluable resource for professionals looking to stay at the forefront of water treatment technology.

    The DOE’s renewed funding for NAWI represents a significant commitment to transforming the landscape of water treatment in the United States. For water treatment professionals, this initiative not only challenges them to innovate but also offers a platform to significantly influence the future of sustainable water management.

    Resources:
    Department of Energy

    EPA Imposes First Limits on PFAS

    By
    Nate Talley
    -
    Polluted Water with PFAs

    The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) this week introduced new national drinking water standards, marking a significant regulatory step to limit exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly known as “forever chemicals.” These substances, which have been linked to various health risks including cancer and liver disease, are notoriously persistent in the environment and human body. Under the new regulations, six types of PFAS—PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS, GenX chemicals, and additional combinations—are now subject to stringent limits due to their health risks. The EPA has set the maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) at 4 parts per trillion for PFOA and PFOS, and 10 parts per trillion for PFNA, PFHxS, and GenX chemicals.

    This regulatory action follows mounting evidence of PFAS’ adverse health impacts, such as increased risks of kidney and liver cancer, immune system damage, and developmental issues in children. The EPA’s decision aims to reduce these health risks by enforcing lower contamination levels and requiring public water systems to undertake significant testing and treatment if levels exceed these new standards.

    The implementation of these limits is expected to impact between 6% to 10% of the nation’s public water systems, translating to a need for upgrades and treatment technologies across approximately 4,100 to 6,700 systems. This undertaking underscores the EPA’s commitment to public health, with anticipated benefits including the prevention of thousands of deaths and serious illnesses.

    To support the compliance with these new standards, the EPA has allocated significant funding, notably $1 billion from the 2021 federal infrastructure law. This funding aims to assist states, territories, and public water systems in implementing PFAS testing and treatment solutions. Additional financial support has stemmed from litigation against PFAS manufacturers, including a notable settlement where companies like 3M have agreed to pay billions to affected water providers.

    While these new regulations represent a critical step towards safeguarding drinking water, they also highlight ongoing challenges. The treatment and monitoring of PFAS are costly and complex, and the financial burden may ultimately be passed onto consumers, especially in smaller communities with fewer resources. 

    These actions are part of a broader effort by the EPA to tackle environmental contaminants and ensure cleaner, safer water for all Americans. As the agency continues to expand its oversight and regulation of PFAS, further measures and funding will likely be necessary to address the pervasive challenges posed by these chemicals in the environment.

    Resources:
    NBC
    AP
    NPR

    Water Week 2024: What’s in Store

    By
    Nate Talley
    -
    village water fountain

    Water Week 2024, commencing on April 7, 2024, presents a convergence
    of professionals, policymakers, and advocates focused on tackling the water
    sector’s most pressing challenges. With a diverse lineup of events spanning the
    week, participants will engage in critical dialogues surrounding legislation,
    regulatory hurdles, and innovative solutions for sustainable water management.

    The highlight of Water Week, the National Water Policy Fly-In
    on April 9, 2024, brings together 350 water sector professionals from across
    the United States. Representatives from associations, public water utilities,
    and policy experts will convene in Congressional office visits, advocating for
    pivotal changes and increased federal support for water infrastructure. This
    collective effort, spearheaded by leading organizations such as the National
    Association of Clean Water Agencies (NACWA), the Water Environment Federation
    (WEF), the Water Research Foundation (WRF), and the WaterReuse Association,
    underscores the urgent need for addressing aging infrastructure, PFAS
    regulation costs, and other critical issues facing the sector.

    In addition to legislative advocacy, Water Week 2024
    features events designed to engage and inform participants about the latest in
    water research, policy, and operations. Notably, the Solar Eclipse Watch Party
    and Community Cleanup on April 8, 2024, combines community service with a
    unique astronomical event, fostering a sense of camaraderie among water
    professionals. Meanwhile, the Onsite Water Reuse Summit, scheduled for April
    10-11, 2024, promises insightful discussions on integrating science, policy, and
    operational strategies for water reuse, featuring keynotes from industry
    visionaries.

    Another significant event, the WEFMAX, slated for April
    10-12, 2024, in Alexandria, VA, facilitates an exchange of ideas, best
    practices, and lessons learned among Water Environment Federation members. This
    forum exemplifies the collaborative spirit essential for advancing the water
    sector’s goals.

    Moreover, the completion of the AlexRenew Tunnel marks a
    milestone in efforts to protect Alexandria’s waterways. The open house on April
    13, 2024, offers the public a rare opportunity to celebrate this achievement
    and learn more about the innovative engineering behind it.

    Central to Water Week’s agenda is the America’s Water
    Affordability Imperative Congressional Briefing on April 10, 2024. This
    briefing aims to shed light on the consequences of unaffordable water systems
    and explore solutions to ensure no American is left without access to this
    essential resource. The involvement of the Congressional Black Caucus, along
    with opening remarks by Senator Alex Padilla and Congresswoman Lisa Blunt
    Rochester, signifies the bipartisan importance of water affordability.

    Water Week 2024 represents a concerted effort to elevate water issues on the national stage, advocating for robust funding, innovative research, and policy frameworks that support the sector’s resilience and sustainability. As professionals gather in Washington, D.C., their unified
    voice emphasizes the critical role of water management in public health, environmental protection, and economic development. Through collaboration and advocacy, Water Week seeks to catalyze lasting solutions to the challenges that loom large over the water sector, ensuring a secure and sustainable water future for communities across the nation.

    Resources:
    WWD
    Water Finance and Management

    Spiked: Pharmaceuticals and Illicit Drugs in Water Systems

    By
    Nate Talley
    -
    pharmaceuticals and drugs

    Water treatment professionals are increasingly dealing with
    a relatively new rival to traditional pollutants: the presence of both legal
    and illegal drugs in water systems. Recent investigations have revealed that
    substances such as fentanyl, methamphetamine, cocaine, and a range of
    pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) are increasingly contaminating aquatic
    environments, posing significant risks to human health and ecological systems.

    In San Francisco, a novel wastewater testing program has
    provided unprecedented insights into the city’s drug usage patterns, revealing
    alarming levels of potent substances like fentanyl and methamphetamine in local
    wastewater. This initiative, which began in November 2023, marked the city’s
    worst year for overdose deaths, with 806 fatalities attributed to accidental
    overdoses. By analyzing wastewater samples from various city locations, health
    officials aim to monitor drug supply and use trends, thereby enabling more
    effective public health responses. This method of surveillance, which was also
    employed during the COVID-19 pandemic, underscores the evolving strategies
    cities are adopting to address public health crises.

    Meanwhile, Las Vegas has encountered similar issues, with
    water scientists detecting increased concentrations of party drugs and
    medications in the water following major events like the Electric Daisy
    Carnival and the NFL draft. These findings are particularly concerning given
    the city’s reliance on recycling all indoor water, including sewage, to
    mitigate the effects of the ongoing megadrought in the West. While the
    treatment processes in Southern Nevada are deemed effective in removing these
    drugs from the water, the long-term ecological impacts, especially on fish and
    marine life, remain a source of concern.

    PhACs, identified as emerging micropollutants, originate
    from various sources, including the pharmaceutical industry, hospitals, and
    agricultural runoff. Found in concentrations ranging from nanograms to
    micrograms per liter in wastewater treatment plant effluents, PhACs can cause
    acute and chronic harm to wildlife. Addressing this issue, wastewater treatment
    technologies such as bioremediation, adsorption, and advanced oxidation
    processes have been explored for their efficacy in removing PhACs. Notably, membrane
    bioreactors (MBRs) have shown removal efficiencies of up to 99%, presenting a
    promising solution for minimizing pharmaceutical pollution.

    The advent of these pollutants in water systems highlights
    the need for innovative treatment solutions that can address a wide range of
    contaminants, including novel drugs and PhACs. As cities like San Francisco and
    Las Vegas pioneer wastewater testing for drug surveillance, the water treatment
    industry must adapt and evolve its technologies to combat this emerging threat.
    The development of new bioremediation techniques and the investigation of
    green, eco-friendly alternatives are critical steps toward ensuring the safety
    and sustainability of our water resources. As water treatment professionals
    continue to confront these issues, their efforts will be instrumental in
    safeguarding both human communities and natural ecosystems from the adverse
    effects of drug pollution.

    Resources:
    KQED
    Review Journal
    Chemosphere

    “Forever Chemicals” Proving to be Regulatory Nightmare

    By
    Nate Talley
    -
    Analyst testing for PFAS in river

    Much like the chemicals themselves, PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) continue to be a never-ending regulatory nightmare for agencies and states that wish to ban or limit the use of these substances. Known as “forever chemicals” due to their persistent nature in the environment, PFAS pose serious health risks, including cancer, liver disease, and fetal complications. These substances are found in a wide range of consumer products, from food packaging to firefighting foams, making their regulation a critical concern for water treatment professionals and public health advocates alike.

    A notable case involved the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) attempt to ban plastic containers manufactured by Houston-based Inhance, which were found to be contaminated with PFOA, a toxic PFAS compound. Despite the EPA’s December prohibition, the conservative fifth circuit court of appeals overturned the ban, citing that the EPA could not regulate the containers under the statute it used. The court’s decision highlighted the challenges in regulating existing industrial processes as “new” when they’ve been in use for decades. This ruling underscores the complexities of implementing PFAS regulations and the legal interpretations that can stall protective measures.

    In Colorado, efforts to strengthen PFAS legislation by 2028 have been met with enthusiasm from environmental litigators and concern for public health. Senate Bill 24-081 aims to extend the ban on class B firefighting foam to other PFAS-containing products, reflecting the growing awareness of PFAS as a major public health threat. Environmental Litigation Group associate attorney Yahn Olson highlighted the difficulty of filtering PFAS from groundwater, emphasizing the chemicals’ association with severe health conditions. This legislative push in Colorado is part of a broader move towards stringent PFAS limits, with the EPA considering setting the threshold at 4 parts per trillion, signaling a shift towards recognizing any PFAS exposure as potentially harmful.

    On a positive note, 3M, a Minnesota-based chemical manufacturer, has agreed to begin payments this summer to many U.S. public drinking water systems as part of a multi-billion-dollar settlement over PFAS contamination. This settlement, approved by the U.S. District Court in Charleston, South Carolina, signifies a significant step towards addressing PFAS contamination in drinking water. The payouts, ranging from $10.5 billion to $12.5 billion through 2036, reflect the company’s commitment to exit all PFAS manufacturing by the end of 2025. This move by 3M could serve as a precedent for other manufacturers, encouraging more comprehensive solutions to the PFAS challenge.

    These developments illustrate the multifaceted approach states are taking to regulate PFAS, from legal battles to legislative reforms and settlements. Despite the challenges, the persistence of regulators, litigators, and lawmakers in addressing PFAS contamination highlights a collective effort to mitigate the environmental and health impacts of these hazardous chemicals. For water treatment professionals, these cases provide valuable insights into the evolving regulatory landscape and the ongoing efforts to ensure the safety of public water supplies from PFAS contamination.

    Resources:
    The Guardian
    Longmont Leader
    CBS News

    EPA and White House Issue Warning on Cybersecurity in Water Infrastructure

    By
    Nate Talley
    -
    cybersecurity, encryption

    The EPA and the White House last week issued a joint warning about cyber-attacks on US infrastructure. This warning underscores a burgeoning threat that looms large over the country’s water utilities—a sector that is foundational yet increasingly vulnerable to these attacks. This warning sheds light on a complex tapestry of challenges and initiatives aimed at fortifying the nation’s water infrastructure against the specter of digital warfare, underscoring the vital importance of cybersecurity within this critical infrastructure sector.

    The White House, through a concerted effort involving multiple agencies, has spotlighted the dire need for enhanced cybersecurity measures within the water sector. EPA Administrator Michael Regan and National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan have articulated concerns regarding the sector’s attractiveness as a target for cyberattacks, primarily due to its essential nature and the oftentimes limited resources and technical capacity to implement comprehensive cybersecurity practices. This vulnerability is not just theoretical; it has been manifest in numerous incidents, including attacks linked to state-sponsored entities from China and the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).

    A particularly alarming aspect of these cyber threats is the targeting of water and wastewater systems, pivotal in ensuring the provision of clean and safe drinking water to communities. The administration has drawn attention to two specific groups: Volt Typhoon, associated with the Chinese government, and the Cyber Av3ngers, linked to the IRGC. These entities have not only infiltrated critical infrastructure but have also demonstrated the capability to disrupt essential services, highlighting a stark reality where cybersecurity lapses can lead to significant impacts on public health and safety.

    In response to these looming threats, a multifaceted strategy has been unveiled, focusing on bolstering the sector’s digital defenses. This includes the formation of a water sector cybersecurity task force, aimed at identifying vulnerabilities and developing strategies to mitigate them. Furthermore, the administration has extended invitations to state officials for discussions on improving cybersecurity measures, alongside offering resources through both the EPA and the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). These efforts are indicative of a proactive stance, seeking to address and preempt the potential ramifications of cyberattacks on critical water infrastructure.

    However, the path forward is not without its challenges. Past attempts to impose more stringent cybersecurity measures have faced legal and political pushback, illustrating the complex interplay between regulatory efforts and sector-specific realities. Despite these hurdles, the call for enhanced protections is underscored by a shared understanding of the critical nature of water utilities and the catastrophic potential of successful cyberattacks.

    The dialogue between federal and state entities, as emphasized in recent communications, is a crucial step toward fostering a more secure and resilient water sector. By urging state governments to assess their current cybersecurity practices and engage in collaborative efforts to shore up defenses, the administration is advocating for a unified approach to safeguarding a vital component of the nation’s infrastructure.

    For water treatment professionals, the message is clear: the threat landscape is evolving, and with it, the need for vigilance and proactive measures to protect against cyber intrusions. As the sector navigates these challenges, the emphasis on comprehensive cybersecurity practices, from basic measures like changing default passwords to more sophisticated strategies, becomes paramount. The ongoing efforts to secure the water sector not only reflect the importance of cybersecurity in maintaining public health and safety but also underscore the collective responsibility of all stakeholders to ensure the resilience of critical infrastructure against emerging threats.

    Resources:
    NextGov.com
    CyberScoop.com
    ArtsTechnica.com

    Microplastics: Macro Problems

    By
    Nate Talley
    -
    Plastics in Ocean

    In the evolving landscape of water treatment, the emergence of microplastics as a contaminant has become a pressing concern for professionals in the field. As particles smaller than five millimeters, microplastics’ pervasive presence in global water supplies is not only an environmental issue but also a public health challenge. This article delves into the multifaceted approach water treatment professionals are adopting to navigate the challenges and solutions in removing microplastics from water supplies.

    Recent studies have highlighted the ubiquity of microplastics in various water sources, including rivers, lakes, and even tap water. Originating from a variety of sources such as cosmetic products, clothing fibers, and larger plastic debris that degrades over time, these particles have been found to carry toxic substances, posing potential risks to aquatic life and human health.

    One of the primary challenges in tackling microplastics is their detection. Traditional water treatment processes are not designed to capture particles as small and varied as microplastics. The lack of standardized methods for monitoring and quantifying these particles further complicates efforts to assess and manage their presence in water supplies.

    In response to this challenge, water treatment professionals are exploring a range of innovative solutions. Advanced filtration techniques, such as membrane filtration and biofiltration, have shown promise in capturing microplastics. Research into nanotechnology and magnetic separation methods also offers potential pathways for more effective removal processes.

    Moreover, the development of bio-based solutions, utilizing microorganisms that can degrade or assimilate microplastics, represents an exciting frontier in water treatment technology. These solutions not only aim to remove microplastics but also to convert them into harmless or even beneficial materials.

    Amid these technological advances, the regulatory landscape concerning microplastics is still in its infancy. Some countries have begun to establish guidelines for monitoring microplastics in water sources, but a global consensus on acceptable levels and standardized testing methods remains elusive. Water treatment professionals are actively participating in discussions and research to inform policy development and ensure that water quality standards evolve to address this emerging contaminant effectively.

    Collaboration among researchers, technology developers, policymakers, and the water treatment community is crucial for advancing the fight against microplastics. Sharing knowledge and best practices, as well as fostering public awareness of the sources and impacts of microplastics, are vital components of a comprehensive strategy to reduce their presence in water supplies.

    As water treatment professionals continue to navigate the challenges posed by microplastics, their role in safeguarding public health and environmental integrity has never been more critical. The path forward will require a sustained commitment to innovation, collaboration, and education. By harnessing emerging technologies and advocating for informed policy measures, the water treatment community can make significant strides in mitigating the impact of microplastics on our water and our world.

    The issue of microplastics in water supplies presents a complex challenge that demands a multifaceted response. Through continued research, technological innovation, and collaborative efforts to shape effective regulations, water treatment professionals are at the forefront of ensuring that our water remains safe for generations to come.

    Resources:
    EPA
    WHO

    Carbon-Based Purification and Advanced Disinfection in Modern Water Treatment

    By
    Nate Talley
    -
    Water treatment plant

    In the realm of modern water treatment, the integration of carbon-based purification and disinfection solutions plays a pivotal role in ensuring the safety and quality of water supplies. These technologies, essential for both municipal and industrial applications, have evolved to address a range of contaminants, including organic compounds, pathogens, and chemical pollutants. Carbon-based purification, primarily through activated carbon filters, is a cornerstone in water treatment processes. Activated carbon is renowned for its exceptional adsorption properties, owing to its high surface area and porous structure. This makes it highly effective at removing organic compounds, chlorine, and chloramines from water, substances that often contribute to taste, odor, and color issues.

    The process involves trapping contaminants in the pore structure of the carbon substrate, effectively removing them from the water supply. The versatility of activated carbon extends to its ability to tackle a broad spectrum of contaminants, ranging from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and pesticides to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Its application is critical in preventing these substances from compromising water quality and posing health risks to consumers. Moreover, activated carbon filtration serves as a crucial step in the multi-barrier approach to water treatment, providing an additional layer of protection by enhancing the removal of contaminants that may escape other treatment processes.

    Parallel to purification, water disinfection is an equally critical component, ensuring the inactivation or elimination of pathogenic microorganisms. While chlorination has been traditionally dominant, alternative disinfection methods have gained traction, particularly where by-product formation or residual disinfectants pose concerns. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), which often involve the generation of highly reactive radicals, stand out for their effectiveness in degrading a wide array of contaminants, including those resistant to conventional treatments.

    Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is another powerful disinfection method, offering the advantage of neutralizing bacteria, viruses, and protozoa without the addition of chemicals that could form harmful by-products or alter the water’s taste and odor. When combined with hydrogen peroxide, UV radiation can lead to hydroxyl radicals’ formation, further enhancing its oxidative capacity to break down complex pollutants, offering a robust solution to emerging contaminants.

    Innovations in carbon-based technologies and disinfection methods are continuously emerging, reflecting the water treatment industry’s adaptability and commitment to safeguarding public health. The development of more efficient activated carbon forms, including granular and powdered variants, and the integration of nanotechnology, exemplify the ongoing advancements aimed at enhancing contaminant removal efficiency and operational effectiveness.

    As the water treatment landscape evolves, so does the importance of staying abreast of the latest technologies and practices. Water treatment professionals are tasked with not only implementing these solutions but also ensuring they are optimized to meet the ever-changing regulatory standards and public health goals.

    Carbon-based purification and advanced disinfection solutions are integral to modern water treatment strategies. Their continued development and refinement are vital in responding to the complex challenges posed by a diverse range of waterborne contaminants, thereby ensuring the delivery of safe, clean, and reliable water supplies to communities worldwide.

    Resources: EPA, The Water Research Foundation, World Health Organization

    EPA Inches Closer to “Forever Chemical” Regulations

    By
    Nate Talley
    -
    Water Test for PFAs

    Over the last year no subject has quite dominated the world of Water Treatment like the issue of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water, or “Forever Chemicals” as they’ve come to be known in the mainstream media.  Introducing stringent national standards aimed at significantly reducing the public health risks associated with these chemicals. The EPA’s recent proposal sets forth the first-ever national drinking water standard targeting six specific PFAS chemicals, a move poised to enforce stringent monitoring and regulation to mitigate the widespread contamination of water supplies.

    PFAS have been linked to various adverse health effects in an ever increasing amount of studies, prompting the EPA to propose enforceable limits particularly for two well-known compounds: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). The proposed regulation stipulates a maximum contamination level at 4 parts per trillion, the lowest level reliably measurable by current technologies. Additionally, the regulation aims to address the cumulative risk of four other PFAS compounds—PFNA, PFHxS, PFBS, and GenX Chemicals—utilizing a hazard index calculation to evaluate their combined impact on public health.

    This regulatory initiative mandates that public water systems nationwide monitor these six PFAS chemicals, ensuring compliance with the established limits and, where necessary, take corrective action to reduce PFAS concentrations in drinking water. The EPA’s commitment is grounded in a science-based approach, aiming to furnish states and local communities with the necessary guidance to safeguard public health while aligning with comprehensive efforts to limit PFAS exposure.

    In conjunction with setting drinking water standards, the EPA has actively expanded its regulatory framework under the PFAS Strategic Roadmap. This plan outlines a holistic approach to tackling PFAS contamination, emphasizing the importance of understanding the full lifecycle of these substances, preventing future environmental releases, and accelerating remediation efforts for impacted sites. The Roadmap articulates key strategies, including enhancing PFAS monitoring, advancing scientific research, and developing innovative treatment technologies to remove or destroy PFAS compounds effectively.

    The agency’s regulatory actions reflect a robust commitment to addressing the complex challenges posed by PFAS, leveraging a broad spectrum of regulatory, scientific, and enforcement tools. These efforts are particularly crucial given the widespread use of PFAS in various industrial applications and consumer products, which have historically contributed to the persistent environmental presence of these toxic substances.

    The EPA’s decisive step to establish national drinking water standards for PFAS marks a significant milestone in the ongoing effort to safeguard public health against these hazardous chemicals. The EPA aims to reduce the prevalence of PFAS in drinking water and mitigate their long-term health impacts, ensuring safer water for all communities. Water treatment professionals and public health officials are closely monitoring these developments, as the new standards will necessitate advanced treatment solutions, rigorous monitoring protocols, and enhanced public communication strategies to manage PFAS risks effectively. The regulatory emphasis on PFAS underscores the urgent need for strategies to protect water quality and public health from these enduring contaminants.

    Resources:
    EPA
    Crowell
    Fronteras Desk
    The Center Square

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