The PFAS Testing Conundrum

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The impending EPA regulations on PFAS have ignited a race against time for water treatment professionals. While the focus is understandably on remediation technologies and strategies, a critical hurdle looms large: PFAS testing and analysis.

The Complexity of PFAS Testing

With thousands of PFAS compounds, varying regulatory standards, and multiple testing methods, the landscape is bewildering. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) methods, like EPA 537.1, are gold standards but time-consuming and complex. Direct Injection LC-MS methods offer quicker results but with lower accuracy. And then there are TOP, AOF, and TOF methods for broader spectrum analysis, but without specific compound identification.

The Certification Conundrum

Adding to the complexity is the question of laboratory certification. While essential for drinking water samples, certification might be overkill for certain applications like early-stage technology testing or wastewater monitoring.

The Bottleneck Effect

The current state of PFAS testing is characterized by slow turnaround times, high costs, and a lack of real-time data. This is a major setback for both water utilities and technology developers. The former need rapid results to inform treatment decisions, while the latter require real-time data to optimize their technologies.

Overcoming the Challenges

To accelerate PFAS remediation, we need to:

Streamline Testing: Develop faster, more cost-effective testing methods, including in-field analysis capabilities.

Leverage Technology: Embrace advanced analytical tools and AI to process data efficiently.

Optimize Laboratory Operations: Improve lab workflows and reduce turnaround times.

Collaborate: Foster partnerships between regulators, industry, and academia to develop standardized testing protocols.

The Road Ahead

The EPA’s regulations have undoubtedly spurred action, but the PFAS testing bottleneck threatens to slow progress. By addressing the challenges outlined above, the water treatment industry can overcome this hurdle and effectively mitigate PFAS contamination.

SOURCES: Microchemical Journal, EPA, Journal of Visualized Experiments, H2O Global News

Game On: Mastering Cybersecurity for Your Water Utility

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Melissa Diehl

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The water industry faces a growing challenge: cybersecurity. The good news? Dealing with cyber threats isn’t a random chance you can’t control, but a skill-based game you can win. With an aging water infrastructure and a workforce already stretched thin, the looming threat of cyberattacks on our most critical systems can feel truly overwhelming. But remember, even with all odds against them, skilled players can win.

A Call to Action

History shows us waiting for a crisis before taking action is a recipe for disaster. The Clean Water Act is a prime example. We need that same collective action to tackle cybersecurity and emerging threats like PFAs. You don’t have to wait for federal funding. Start now by learning how to close your cybersecurity knowledge gaps.

Plugging the Leaks

Training: Resources like CISA’s Top Cyber Actions for Securing Water Systems offer practical steps. Learn to identify attack vectors and take control.

Assessments: Conduct regular cybersecurity assessments and develop an incident response plan.

The Cloud: Your Secret Weapon

Legacy IT systems are a major cybersecurity risk. Cloud-based solutions offer several advantages:

Enhanced Security: Cloud providers invest heavily in security. Their distributed infrastructure offers redundancy and resiliency against cyberattacks and natural disasters.

Improved Visibility: Cloud applications log and monitor all activity, allowing for real-time threat detection and automated responses.

Reduced Human Error: Automation can simplify tasks and minimize errors that leave you vulnerable.

Level Up

Network with the Infosec Community: Connect with information security experts. Learn from their experience and insights.

Free Resources: There are tons of free resources available online. Explore options from Cybrary, SANS, and CISA to deepen your cybersecurity knowledge.

Cybersecurity is a serious threat, but it’s not unbeatable. By being proactive, educating yourself, and leveraging available resources, you can protect your water utility and the communities you serve.

New Study Finds PFAS Contamination Threatens Rural Latinx Communities

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Melissa Diehl

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New research from UC Berkeley reveals that public water wells in rural, predominantly Latinx communities may be disproportionately affected by PFAS (per and polyfluoroalkyl substances) contamination.

These PFAS, or “forever chemicals,” are linked to various health risks and have been widely used in industries and consumer products for decades. The EPA recently set limits for PFAS in drinking water, and traditional water monitoring is missing the mark. Current methods fail to consider pesticides as a potential source of PFAS contamination. This study, a first of its kind, highlights a gap in our water safety net, particularly for rural communities.

Key Takeaways for Water Treatment Professionals:

PFAS from Pesticides: This research suggests a new pathway for PFAS to enter drinking water sources. Be aware of potential PFAS presence in areas with high agricultural activity.

Environmental Justice Concerns: Rural, Latinx communities may be at greater risk due to reliance on small water systems and historical exposure to environmental hazards. Expanding PFAS monitoring to these areas is crucial.

The Need for Proactive Measures: Water treatment professionals should consider including PFAS testing in their protocols, especially for clients in at-risk areas. Partnering with local organizations serving rural and minority communities can be a powerful step towards ensuring equitable access to safe drinking water.

The Future of PFAS and Water Safety: The UC Berkeley researchers are continuing their work with a follow-up study that will directly test wells in vulnerable communities. This ongoing research will provide valuable data to guide future regulations and treatment strategies.

By staying informed about emerging contaminants like PFAS and prioritizing environmental justice, water treatment professionals can play a key role in safeguarding public health.

PFAS Contamination: A Costly Crisis with a Path to Recovery

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Melissa Diehl

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The EPS’s new PFAS standards are a welcome step in safeguarding public health. However, these regulations place a significant financial burden on water utilities tasked with implementing the necessary PFAS mitigation measures. Let’s delve into the substantial costs associated with PFAS removal and explore a critical solution: holding polluters accountable.

The High Price of Clean Water

Treatment Costs: From monitoring to installing and maintaining treatment systems, water utilities face potential expenditures in the billions.

Unequal Burden: Unfortunately, smaller, rural communities are likely to face the greatest financial challenges in affording these essential upgrades.

Beyond Public Funds

The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) allocates funds for water infrastructure improvements, but only a designated portion is specifically earmarked for PFAS remediation.

Moving towards a more sustainable solution requires looking beyond solely relying on public funds. Here, the ‘polluter pays’ principle takes center stage.

Polluter Pays: Holding Manufacturers Responsible

Lawsuits are Proving Effective: A growing number of municipalities are taking legal action against PFAS manufacturers, and these lawsuits are yielding significant results, with billions secured for clean-up efforts.

Recent Settlements: Companies like DuPont, 3M, and Tyco Fire Products have offered settlements exceeding $14 billion.

What You Can Do

Check Your Eligibility: Public water systems can claim compensation from the multi-district litigation (MDL) settlements even if they did not participate in the initial proceedings.

Stay Informed: New lawsuits and settlements are continually emerging, and there’s a strong likelihood that more manufacturers will be held responsible.

PFAS mitigation is a costly endeavor, but water utilities do not have to shoulder this burden alone. Litigation against polluters serves as a powerful tool to recover financial resources needed for clean-up. Public water systems should actively pursue all available avenues to secure safe drinking water for their communities without placing an undue financial strain on ratepayers.

By holding polluters accountable, we can pave the way for a more equitable and sustainable solution to the PFAS crisis.

SOURCE: Water World

The Future of Flow: AI, IoT, and Greener Water Treatment

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Melissa Diehl

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The world of water treatment is on the cusp of a revolution. As the global demand for clean water rises, water treatment professionals must be prepared for the future. The future belongs to smart, sustainable systems powered by artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and a focus on energy efficiency.

AI: The Thinking Filter

Imagine a system that can predict and prevent equipment failures, optimize chemical dosing, and even identify emerging contaminants. AI is poised to do just that. By analyzing vast amounts of plant data, AI algorithms can learn patterns, anticipate issues, and recommend proactive maintenance. This translates to reduced downtime, improved water quality, and significant cost savings.

AI-driven analytics also help in optimizing chemical dosing, energy use, and overall plant performance. By harnessing AI, water treatment facilities can achieve higher efficiency and reliability, ensuring consistent water quality.

The Power of “Things” Talking

The IoT connects devices and systems, allowing for real-time monitoring and control of water treatment processes. IoT-enabled sensors can collect data on various parameters such as water quality, flow rates, and equipment performance. This data is transmitted to a centralized system where it can be analyzed and remotely adjusted instantly. IoT technology enhances visibility into the treatment process, enabling prompt fixes and reducing the risk of contamination or system failures. Moreover, this remote monitoring capabilities allow for better resource management and operational flexibility.

Going Green for a Sustainable Future

Energy consumption is a significant concern in water treatment. Integrating energy-efficient technologies can lead to substantial cost savings and environmental benefits. Here’s where AI and IoT come together. Innovations such as high-efficiency pumps, variable frequency drives, and renewable energy sources like solar and wind power are becoming increasingly viable. By analyzing energy usage patterns, AI can suggest adjustments to pumps and other equipment, minimizing energy waste further.

Implementing energy recovery systems, such as using biogas from wastewater treatment for power generation, can further reduce the carbon footprint of water treatment plants. Embracing these technologies not only lowers operational costs but also supports sustainability goals.

Practical Steps for Water Professionals

The future may seem daunting, but you can embrace it with these steps:

Upskill: Familiarize yourself with AI and IoT concepts. Several online courses and industry workshops cater to water professionals. Equip your team with the skills to interpret and act on data insights from AI and IoT systems.

Pilot Projects: Start small. Implement an AI-powered pilot program for specific tasks, like leak detection or chemical optimization. This allows you to assess the technology’s potential before large-scale integration.

Network: Connect with peers and industry leaders who are on the same trajectory. Share experiences and learn from their implementations.

The future of water treatment is intelligent, interconnected, and sustainable. It’s a future filled with exciting possibilities, and water professionals who embrace these advancements will be at the forefront of ensuring clean water for generations to come.

The Importance of Innovation in the Water Industry: Overcoming Reluctance to Adopt New Technologies

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Melissa Diehl

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Water treatment professionals take pride in reliability, stability – qualities that ensure our communities receive the lifeblood they deserve. But clinging to “tried and true” methods in the face of growing challenges could be a recipe for disaster. Innovation is not just a buzzword—it’s a necessity. Yet, despite the clear benefits, the adoption of new technologies often faces significant reluctance in the industry. Understanding and overcoming this resistance is crucial for advancing the industry and ensuring sustainable water management.

The Innovation Imperative

Innovation in the water industry is driven by the need to address immense, growing challenges such as water scarcity, aging infrastructure, and emerging contaminants. Technologies such as advanced filtration systems, real-time water quality monitoring, and AI-driven predictive maintenance can revolutionize water treatment processes, promising to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and improve water quality for all. However, many professionals remain hesitant to transition from established methods to these cutting-edge solutions. Let’s explore how to overcome resistances to the implementation of water treatment innovation.

Overcoming Reluctance

Education and Training: A significant barrier to adopting new technologies is the lack of knowledge and skills. Providing comprehensive training programs and resources can empower your team to understand and effectively utilize new tools. Continuous professional development should be a priority to keep up with technological advancements.
Pilot Projects: Implementing pilot projects allows you to test new technologies on a smaller scale before full-scale adoption. This approach helps in assessing the feasibility, benefits, and potential challenges without committing extensive resources upfront.
Collaborative Innovation: Foster a culture of collaboration within your organization and the wider industry. Partnerships with technology providers, research institutions, and other water utilities can facilitate knowledge exchange and joint problem-solving.
Demonstrating ROI: Clear evidence of return on investment (ROI) can alleviate concerns about the costs of new technologies. Case studies and data showcasing successful implementations can be persuasive.

The Way Forward

Embracing innovation in the water industry is not without its challenges, but the benefits far outweigh the risks. By fostering an environment that encourages learning, collaboration, and evidence-based decision-making, water treatment professionals can lead the way in creating a sustainable future. Remember, the water industry’s evolution depends on your willingness to innovate. Let’s move forward, together, towards a more efficient and resilient water system.

Understanding EPA Effluent Guidelines

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Melissa Diehl

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Effluent guidelines are critical regulatory standards developed by the EPA to manage the discharge of pollutants from various industrial operations into receiving waters. These guidelines play a pivotal role in maintaining water quality and protecting environmental and public health.

What Are Effluent Guidelines?

Effluent guidelines, also known as effluent limitation guidelines, are EPA-developed standards that regulate wastewater discharges from industrial sources to surface waters and publicly owned treatment works (POTWs). These standards aim to minimize the release of harmful pollutants using specific treatment and control technologies.

Purpose and Development of Effluent Guidelines

The primary goal of EPA effluent guidelines is to reduce the discharge of regulated pollutants to protect water quality and public health. Unlike risk or impact studies, these guidelines are technology-based, relying on the effectiveness of treatment technologies. The EPA assesses industry practices, pollutant characteristics, and treatment technologies to develop economically feasible standards for pollutant reduction.

Types of Regulated Pollutants

Effluent guidelines categorize pollutants into three types:

Conventional Pollutants: Includes substances like oil and grease.

Toxic Pollutants: Includes priority pollutants such as phthalates.

Non-Conventional Pollutants: Includes substances like per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS).

Control Technologies

Six control technologies underpin the EPA effluent guidelines:

Best Available Technology (BAT)

Best Practicable Control Technology (BPT)

Best Conventional Pollutant Control Technology (BCT)

New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)

Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources (PSES)

Pretreatment Standards for New Sources (PSNS)

These technologies ensure that both direct and indirect dischargers effectively manage and reduce pollutant levels.

Implementation and Compliance

Effluent guidelines are enforced through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) for direct discharges and the pretreatment program for indirect discharges to POTWs. Compliance is monitored using databases like the Discharge Monitoring Report (DMR) Pollutant Loading Tool and the Integrated Compliance Information System (ICIS)-NPDES. These tools provide detailed tracking of discharge amounts, permit violations, and enforcement actions.

Continuous Improvement

The EPA regularly updates effluent guidelines to address emerging challenges. The latest Effluent Guidelines Program Plan 15, published in January 2023, focuses on reducing PFAS in wastewater discharges, reflecting the EPA’s commitment to evolving environmental standards.

What Water Treatment Pros Need to Know

Understand the Categories and Technologies: Familiarize yourself with the types of pollutants and the applicable control technologies to ensure compliance and optimal treatment processes.

Monitor Compliance: Utilize EPA tools and databases to track and maintain compliance with effluent guidelines.

Stay Informed: Keep up-to-date with the latest EPA updates and guidelines to address new challenges in wastewater treatment.

By adhering to these guidelines and leveraging advanced treatment technologies, water treatment professionals can significantly contribute to protecting water quality and public health.

SOURCE: EPA, Wastewater Digest

Breakthrough in Microplastics Monitoring: Affordable and Efficient Detection for Water Treatment Plants

By

Melissa Diehl

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Microplastics, tiny plastic fragments wreaking havoc on our ecosystems, are a growing concern. Detecting and managing these contaminants is crucial for maintaining water quality and safeguarding public health. A recent breakthrough from researchers at Nagoya University, in collaboration with the National Institute for Materials Sciences (NIMS) in Japan, promises to revolutionize microplastic monitoring with a method using porous metal substrates and machine learning to cheaply and effectively detect microplastics.

Here’s why this is a game-changer for water treatment professionals:

Faster, Cheaper Monitoring: This new method eliminates the need for expensive and time-consuming separation techniques. Imagine capturing and identifying six key microplastic types – polystyrene, polyethylene, and more – in one go.
Straightforward Analysis: The system utilizes a special light technique (surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy) to analyze captured microplastics. The complex data is then deciphered by a machine learning algorithm called SpecATNet, ensuring accurate and swift identification.
Deployment-Ready for All Labs: The good news? This method is designed to be affordable and user-friendly. The materials required for the system bring cost savings of 90% to 95% compared to commercially available alternatives. This makes the method accessible even to resource-limited labs and facilities, democratizing the ability to monitor and manage microplastic pollution.

Key Takeaways for Water Treatment Professionals:

This innovation has the potential to revolutionize microplastics monitoring in water treatment plants.
Faster and more affordable detection methods can lead to better data on microplastic contamination, allowing for improved treatment strategies.
Widespread adoption of this technology can significantly contribute to safeguarding public health and our aquatic ecosystems.

The Future of Microplastics Monitoring

The researchers are continuously improving the system, aiming to broaden its detection range and compatibility with various data types. This paves the way for even more comprehensive microplastics monitoring in the future. SOURCE: Nature Communications

EPA Ramps Up Cybersecurity Inspections for Water Utilities: What You Need to Know

By

Melissa Diehl

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In response to increasing cyber threats, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued a critical warning to water utilities across the nation, revealing substantial gaps in cybersecurity compliance. According to the EPA’s recent enforcement alert, more than 70% of inspected water systems fail to meet essential security standards mandated by the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Common deficiencies include the use of default passwords and a lack of multi-factor authentication.

A Growing Threat

Cyber-attacks targeting water systems are on the rise. Notable incidents include Russian hacktivists disrupting water systems in Texas and Iranian-linked “CyberAv3ngers” defacing U.S. water infrastructure equipment. These attacks underscore the sector’s vulnerability and the urgent need for enhanced cybersecurity measures.

EPA’s Increased Enforcement Measures

To address these threats, the EPA is ramping up inspections and enforcement actions. Deputy Administrator Janet McCabe emphasized the agency’s commitment to protecting the nation’s drinking water from cyberattacks. The EPA’s plan includes:

Increased Inspections: More frequent checks of community water systems to ensure compliance with cybersecurity standards.
Civil and Criminal Actions: Potential enforcement actions against non-compliant systems, especially those posing imminent risks.
Risk and Resilience Assessments: Ensuring utilities conduct mandatory risk assessments and develop robust emergency response plans.

Legal and Regulatory Challenges

Efforts to mandate cybersecurity measures have faced opposition. A proposed EPA update introducing new cyber rules was halted by legal challenges from several states and water trade associations, who argued that the EPA overstepped its authority. In response, the Water Risk and Resilience Organization Establishment Act was introduced to create a dedicated federal regulatory body for cybersecurity in water systems, similar to the electric sector’s regulatory framework.

Collaboration and Future Steps

The EPA, along with the White House, has reached out to state governors, emphasizing the severity of cyber threats and the need for a coordinated response. A meeting with federal officials aims to bolster state-level awareness and readiness.

The EPA’s alert underscores the critical need for water utilities to prioritize cybersecurity, safeguarding public health and ensuring the resilience of essential services against evolving cyber threats. SOURCES: EPA, Smart Water Magazine

Next-Gen Water Treatment: Cutting-Edge Tech for a PFA-Proof Plant

By

Melissa Diehl

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Staying ahead of contaminants and ensuring the delivery of safe, clean water to the public is a paramount challenge. As populations grow and industrial activities increase, the demand for high-quality water intensifies, making advanced water treatment technologies more critical than ever. Two pivotal advancements in this domain are water quality monitoring and membrane technology, both offering significant benefits and practical solutions for water treatment.

While traditional methods like chlorine disinfection have served us well, according to a 2023 study by the U.S. Geological Survey, at least 45% of the nation’s tap water contains one or more per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), also known as “forever chemicals”. These emerging threats, alongside stricter government regulations, are fueled by urgency and demand a multi-pronged approach.

Water Quality Monitoring: The First Line of Defense

Effective water quality monitoring is essential for detecting contaminants and ensuring compliance with safety standards. Modern monitoring systems leverage real-time data and advanced sensors to provide continuous insights into water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, and contaminant levels. Integrating these advanced monitoring systems means more proactive and efficient management of water resources, enabling swifter response to anomalies. Practical advice for implementation includes:

Invest in Integrated Systems: Choose systems that offer seamless integration with existing infrastructure and provide comprehensive data analytics.
Prioritize Training: Ensure staff are adequately trained to interpret data and respond swiftly to any anomalies.
Regular Maintenance: Schedule regular maintenance and calibration of monitoring equipment to maintain accuracy and reliability.

Continuous, real-time water quality monitoring can be a crucial edge for treatment facilities, providing a more complete picture of water conditions and allowing for better informed water management decisions and real-time public transparency.

Membrane Technology: New Frontiers in Filtration

Imagine a microscopic barrier so selective it allows water molecules to pass through while rejecting everything else. That’s the magic of membrane filtration, inspired by nature’s semi-permeable membranes in plant cells. Membrane technology has revolutionized water treatment by providing highly effective filtration solutions. These technologies, including reverse osmosis (RO), ultrafiltration (UF), and nanofiltration (NF), can remove a wide range of contaminants, from large particulates to dissolved salts and organic molecules.

For practical application of these technologies, consider the following:

Select Appropriate Membranes: Choose membranes based on the specific contaminants present in your water source and the desired water quality.
Optimize Operational Parameters: Regularly monitor and adjust parameters such as pressure and flow rate to maximize efficiency and lifespan of the membranes.
Implement Regular Cleaning Protocols: Establish routine cleaning and maintenance schedules to prevent fouling and ensure consistent performance.

By embracing advanced water quality monitoring and membrane technology, water treatment professionals can not only meet today’s challenges but also future-proof their systems for a cleaner, safer tomorrow.

SOURCE: CDC, AWWA