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Sunday, December 22, 2024
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Breakthrough in Microplastics Monitoring: Affordable and Efficient Detection for Water Treatment Plants

By
Melissa Diehl
-

Microplastics, tiny plastic fragments wreaking havoc on our ecosystems, are a growing concern. Detecting and managing these contaminants is crucial for maintaining water quality and safeguarding public health. A recent breakthrough from researchers at Nagoya University, in collaboration with the National Institute for Materials Sciences (NIMS) in Japan, promises to revolutionize microplastic monitoring with a method using porous metal substrates and machine learning to cheaply and effectively detect microplastics.

Here’s why this is a game-changer for water treatment professionals:

  • Faster, Cheaper Monitoring: This new method eliminates the need for expensive and time-consuming separation techniques. Imagine capturing and identifying six key microplastic types – polystyrene, polyethylene, and more – in one go.
  • Straightforward Analysis: The system utilizes a special light technique (surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy) to analyze captured microplastics. The complex data is then deciphered by a machine learning algorithm called SpecATNet, ensuring accurate and swift identification.
  • Deployment-Ready for All Labs: The good news? This method is designed to be affordable and user-friendly. The materials required for the system bring cost savings of 90% to 95% compared to commercially available alternatives. This makes the method accessible even to resource-limited labs and facilities, democratizing the ability to monitor and manage microplastic pollution.

Key Takeaways for Water Treatment Professionals:

  • This innovation has the potential to revolutionize microplastics monitoring in water treatment plants.
  • Faster and more affordable detection methods can lead to better data on microplastic contamination, allowing for improved treatment strategies.
  • Widespread adoption of this technology can significantly contribute to safeguarding public health and our aquatic ecosystems.

The Future of Microplastics Monitoring

The researchers are continuously improving the system, aiming to broaden its detection range and compatibility with various data types. This paves the way for even more comprehensive microplastics monitoring in the future. SOURCE: Nature Communications

The Silent Threat in Our Pipes: Getting Started with Lead Service Line Replacement 

By
Melissa Diehl
-

For many water treatment professionals, the focus lies on what goes into the treatment plant, not necessarily what comes out the other side. But aging infrastructure within city limits can pose a hidden danger: lead service lines. These lead pipes, once a common material, can leach lead into drinking water, causing serious health problems, especially for children and pregnant women. 

According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), an estimated 9.2 million lead service lines (LSLs) serve water to properties in communities across the United States. In order to meet the Biden-Harris Administration’s goal of replacing 100% of LSLs, here’s a proactive approach to conducting lead service line replacement (LSLR) and tackling the silent threat in our drinking water. 

Prioritize Lead Service Line Inventory and Replacement: 

A crucial first step is creating a comprehensive map of lead service lines within your city. Utilize public records, ground penetrating radar, and resident surveys to identify these potential hazards.  Develop a data-driven plan for lead service line replacement, prioritizing high-risk areas and vulnerable populations. 

Grant Opportunities and Public-Private Partnerships: 

Replacing lead service lines can be a significant financial burden. Explore federal and state grants specifically dedicated to lead service line replacement programs. Additionally, consider public-private partnerships with local businesses or foundations to share the costs and expedite the process. 

Community Outreach and Education: 

Educate residents about the dangers of lead in drinking water and how to identify lead service lines in their homes. Provide clear and transparent information on the replacement process, financial assistance programs, and steps to minimize lead exposure while lead lines are still present. 

Lead service lines are a public health concern that demands immediate action. By prioritizing inventory and replacement, exploring funding opportunities, and educating the community, water treatment professionals can play a critical role in safeguarding the health of U.S. citizens. Let’s work together to ensure every tap delivers lead-free, clean water. 

For more information and financial resources for tackling your city’s LSLR, visit the EPA’s website. 

SOURCE: EPA, Whitehouse.gov 

Gear Up for PFAS: New EPA Limits Reshape Your Treatment Landscape 

By
Melissa Diehl
-
Water Analysis for PFAs in River

Heads up, water pros! The EPA just dropped a game-changer for municipal water treatment. Their new guidelines on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) – those “forever chemicals” plaguing our water sources – are here, and they’re setting stricter limits than ever before. 

As guardians of your city’s tap water, you know the importance of keeping contaminants at bay. These new regulations raise the bar for PFAS removal, impacting how we approach treatment at the source. 

The Specifics 

The EPA is cracking down on five specific PFAS compounds: PFOA and PFOS (with a limit of 4 parts per trillion) and PFHxS, PFNA, and HFPO-DA (at 10 parts per trillion). These levels are ridiculously tiny – imagine a single drop in 20 Olympic pools! But for public health, every part matters. 

The good news: the EPA recognizes the challenge. They’ve identified proven methods like activated carbon filtration, reverse osmosis, and ion exchange as effective against PFAS. Additionally, the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law has allocated a $10 billion to help cities upgrade their treatment capabilities. 

Time to Strategize: What’s Next for Your Plant? 

The compliance deadline is five years from now, giving you time to assess your current system’s PFAS removal efficiency. Here’s your action plan: 

  • Explore Treatment Options: Evaluate the efficiency of existing methods and research new technologies specifically designed for PFAS removal. Pilot testing different options will help you find the best fit for your plant’s needs and budget. 

The Bottom Line: A Collaborative Effort for Safe Water 

These new guidelines are a win for public health, but they require a united front from water treatment professionals. By working closely with the EPA and leveraging available resources, we can ensure that every city resident has access to clean, PFAS-free tap water. Remember, you’re the frontline heroes, and with these new guidelines, you have the tools to deliver the ultimate victory: safe drinking water for all. 

EPA Imposes First Limits on PFAS

By
Nate Talley
-
Polluted Water with PFAs

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) this week introduced new national drinking water standards, marking a significant regulatory step to limit exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly known as “forever chemicals.” These substances, which have been linked to various health risks including cancer and liver disease, are notoriously persistent in the environment and human body. Under the new regulations, six types of PFAS—PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS, GenX chemicals, and additional combinations—are now subject to stringent limits due to their health risks. The EPA has set the maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) at 4 parts per trillion for PFOA and PFOS, and 10 parts per trillion for PFNA, PFHxS, and GenX chemicals.

This regulatory action follows mounting evidence of PFAS’ adverse health impacts, such as increased risks of kidney and liver cancer, immune system damage, and developmental issues in children. The EPA’s decision aims to reduce these health risks by enforcing lower contamination levels and requiring public water systems to undertake significant testing and treatment if levels exceed these new standards.

The implementation of these limits is expected to impact between 6% to 10% of the nation’s public water systems, translating to a need for upgrades and treatment technologies across approximately 4,100 to 6,700 systems. This undertaking underscores the EPA’s commitment to public health, with anticipated benefits including the prevention of thousands of deaths and serious illnesses.

To support the compliance with these new standards, the EPA has allocated significant funding, notably $1 billion from the 2021 federal infrastructure law. This funding aims to assist states, territories, and public water systems in implementing PFAS testing and treatment solutions. Additional financial support has stemmed from litigation against PFAS manufacturers, including a notable settlement where companies like 3M have agreed to pay billions to affected water providers.

While these new regulations represent a critical step towards safeguarding drinking water, they also highlight ongoing challenges. The treatment and monitoring of PFAS are costly and complex, and the financial burden may ultimately be passed onto consumers, especially in smaller communities with fewer resources. 

These actions are part of a broader effort by the EPA to tackle environmental contaminants and ensure cleaner, safer water for all Americans. As the agency continues to expand its oversight and regulation of PFAS, further measures and funding will likely be necessary to address the pervasive challenges posed by these chemicals in the environment.

Resources:
NBC
AP
NPR

Spiked: Pharmaceuticals and Illicit Drugs in Water Systems

By
Nate Talley
-
pharmaceuticals and drugs

Water treatment professionals are increasingly dealing with
a relatively new rival to traditional pollutants: the presence of both legal
and illegal drugs in water systems. Recent investigations have revealed that
substances such as fentanyl, methamphetamine, cocaine, and a range of
pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) are increasingly contaminating aquatic
environments, posing significant risks to human health and ecological systems.

In San Francisco, a novel wastewater testing program has
provided unprecedented insights into the city’s drug usage patterns, revealing
alarming levels of potent substances like fentanyl and methamphetamine in local
wastewater. This initiative, which began in November 2023, marked the city’s
worst year for overdose deaths, with 806 fatalities attributed to accidental
overdoses. By analyzing wastewater samples from various city locations, health
officials aim to monitor drug supply and use trends, thereby enabling more
effective public health responses. This method of surveillance, which was also
employed during the COVID-19 pandemic, underscores the evolving strategies
cities are adopting to address public health crises.

Meanwhile, Las Vegas has encountered similar issues, with
water scientists detecting increased concentrations of party drugs and
medications in the water following major events like the Electric Daisy
Carnival and the NFL draft. These findings are particularly concerning given
the city’s reliance on recycling all indoor water, including sewage, to
mitigate the effects of the ongoing megadrought in the West. While the
treatment processes in Southern Nevada are deemed effective in removing these
drugs from the water, the long-term ecological impacts, especially on fish and
marine life, remain a source of concern.

PhACs, identified as emerging micropollutants, originate
from various sources, including the pharmaceutical industry, hospitals, and
agricultural runoff. Found in concentrations ranging from nanograms to
micrograms per liter in wastewater treatment plant effluents, PhACs can cause
acute and chronic harm to wildlife. Addressing this issue, wastewater treatment
technologies such as bioremediation, adsorption, and advanced oxidation
processes have been explored for their efficacy in removing PhACs. Notably, membrane
bioreactors (MBRs) have shown removal efficiencies of up to 99%, presenting a
promising solution for minimizing pharmaceutical pollution.

The advent of these pollutants in water systems highlights
the need for innovative treatment solutions that can address a wide range of
contaminants, including novel drugs and PhACs. As cities like San Francisco and
Las Vegas pioneer wastewater testing for drug surveillance, the water treatment
industry must adapt and evolve its technologies to combat this emerging threat.
The development of new bioremediation techniques and the investigation of
green, eco-friendly alternatives are critical steps toward ensuring the safety
and sustainability of our water resources. As water treatment professionals
continue to confront these issues, their efforts will be instrumental in
safeguarding both human communities and natural ecosystems from the adverse
effects of drug pollution.

Resources:
KQED
Review Journal
Chemosphere

“Forever Chemicals” Proving to be Regulatory Nightmare

By
Nate Talley
-
Analyst testing for PFAS in river

Much like the chemicals themselves, PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) continue to be a never-ending regulatory nightmare for agencies and states that wish to ban or limit the use of these substances. Known as “forever chemicals” due to their persistent nature in the environment, PFAS pose serious health risks, including cancer, liver disease, and fetal complications. These substances are found in a wide range of consumer products, from food packaging to firefighting foams, making their regulation a critical concern for water treatment professionals and public health advocates alike.

A notable case involved the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) attempt to ban plastic containers manufactured by Houston-based Inhance, which were found to be contaminated with PFOA, a toxic PFAS compound. Despite the EPA’s December prohibition, the conservative fifth circuit court of appeals overturned the ban, citing that the EPA could not regulate the containers under the statute it used. The court’s decision highlighted the challenges in regulating existing industrial processes as “new” when they’ve been in use for decades. This ruling underscores the complexities of implementing PFAS regulations and the legal interpretations that can stall protective measures.

In Colorado, efforts to strengthen PFAS legislation by 2028 have been met with enthusiasm from environmental litigators and concern for public health. Senate Bill 24-081 aims to extend the ban on class B firefighting foam to other PFAS-containing products, reflecting the growing awareness of PFAS as a major public health threat. Environmental Litigation Group associate attorney Yahn Olson highlighted the difficulty of filtering PFAS from groundwater, emphasizing the chemicals’ association with severe health conditions. This legislative push in Colorado is part of a broader move towards stringent PFAS limits, with the EPA considering setting the threshold at 4 parts per trillion, signaling a shift towards recognizing any PFAS exposure as potentially harmful.

On a positive note, 3M, a Minnesota-based chemical manufacturer, has agreed to begin payments this summer to many U.S. public drinking water systems as part of a multi-billion-dollar settlement over PFAS contamination. This settlement, approved by the U.S. District Court in Charleston, South Carolina, signifies a significant step towards addressing PFAS contamination in drinking water. The payouts, ranging from $10.5 billion to $12.5 billion through 2036, reflect the company’s commitment to exit all PFAS manufacturing by the end of 2025. This move by 3M could serve as a precedent for other manufacturers, encouraging more comprehensive solutions to the PFAS challenge.

These developments illustrate the multifaceted approach states are taking to regulate PFAS, from legal battles to legislative reforms and settlements. Despite the challenges, the persistence of regulators, litigators, and lawmakers in addressing PFAS contamination highlights a collective effort to mitigate the environmental and health impacts of these hazardous chemicals. For water treatment professionals, these cases provide valuable insights into the evolving regulatory landscape and the ongoing efforts to ensure the safety of public water supplies from PFAS contamination.

Resources:
The Guardian
Longmont Leader
CBS News

Microplastics: Macro Problems

By
Nate Talley
-
Plastics in Ocean

In the evolving landscape of water treatment, the emergence of microplastics as a contaminant has become a pressing concern for professionals in the field. As particles smaller than five millimeters, microplastics’ pervasive presence in global water supplies is not only an environmental issue but also a public health challenge. This article delves into the multifaceted approach water treatment professionals are adopting to navigate the challenges and solutions in removing microplastics from water supplies.

Recent studies have highlighted the ubiquity of microplastics in various water sources, including rivers, lakes, and even tap water. Originating from a variety of sources such as cosmetic products, clothing fibers, and larger plastic debris that degrades over time, these particles have been found to carry toxic substances, posing potential risks to aquatic life and human health.

One of the primary challenges in tackling microplastics is their detection. Traditional water treatment processes are not designed to capture particles as small and varied as microplastics. The lack of standardized methods for monitoring and quantifying these particles further complicates efforts to assess and manage their presence in water supplies.

In response to this challenge, water treatment professionals are exploring a range of innovative solutions. Advanced filtration techniques, such as membrane filtration and biofiltration, have shown promise in capturing microplastics. Research into nanotechnology and magnetic separation methods also offers potential pathways for more effective removal processes.

Moreover, the development of bio-based solutions, utilizing microorganisms that can degrade or assimilate microplastics, represents an exciting frontier in water treatment technology. These solutions not only aim to remove microplastics but also to convert them into harmless or even beneficial materials.

Amid these technological advances, the regulatory landscape concerning microplastics is still in its infancy. Some countries have begun to establish guidelines for monitoring microplastics in water sources, but a global consensus on acceptable levels and standardized testing methods remains elusive. Water treatment professionals are actively participating in discussions and research to inform policy development and ensure that water quality standards evolve to address this emerging contaminant effectively.

Collaboration among researchers, technology developers, policymakers, and the water treatment community is crucial for advancing the fight against microplastics. Sharing knowledge and best practices, as well as fostering public awareness of the sources and impacts of microplastics, are vital components of a comprehensive strategy to reduce their presence in water supplies.

As water treatment professionals continue to navigate the challenges posed by microplastics, their role in safeguarding public health and environmental integrity has never been more critical. The path forward will require a sustained commitment to innovation, collaboration, and education. By harnessing emerging technologies and advocating for informed policy measures, the water treatment community can make significant strides in mitigating the impact of microplastics on our water and our world.

The issue of microplastics in water supplies presents a complex challenge that demands a multifaceted response. Through continued research, technological innovation, and collaborative efforts to shape effective regulations, water treatment professionals are at the forefront of ensuring that our water remains safe for generations to come.

Resources:
EPA
WHO

EPA Inches Closer to “Forever Chemical” Regulations

By
Nate Talley
-
Water Test for PFAs

Over the last year no subject has quite dominated the world of Water Treatment like the issue of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water, or “Forever Chemicals” as they’ve come to be known in the mainstream media.  Introducing stringent national standards aimed at significantly reducing the public health risks associated with these chemicals. The EPA’s recent proposal sets forth the first-ever national drinking water standard targeting six specific PFAS chemicals, a move poised to enforce stringent monitoring and regulation to mitigate the widespread contamination of water supplies.

PFAS have been linked to various adverse health effects in an ever increasing amount of studies, prompting the EPA to propose enforceable limits particularly for two well-known compounds: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). The proposed regulation stipulates a maximum contamination level at 4 parts per trillion, the lowest level reliably measurable by current technologies. Additionally, the regulation aims to address the cumulative risk of four other PFAS compounds—PFNA, PFHxS, PFBS, and GenX Chemicals—utilizing a hazard index calculation to evaluate their combined impact on public health.

This regulatory initiative mandates that public water systems nationwide monitor these six PFAS chemicals, ensuring compliance with the established limits and, where necessary, take corrective action to reduce PFAS concentrations in drinking water. The EPA’s commitment is grounded in a science-based approach, aiming to furnish states and local communities with the necessary guidance to safeguard public health while aligning with comprehensive efforts to limit PFAS exposure.

In conjunction with setting drinking water standards, the EPA has actively expanded its regulatory framework under the PFAS Strategic Roadmap. This plan outlines a holistic approach to tackling PFAS contamination, emphasizing the importance of understanding the full lifecycle of these substances, preventing future environmental releases, and accelerating remediation efforts for impacted sites. The Roadmap articulates key strategies, including enhancing PFAS monitoring, advancing scientific research, and developing innovative treatment technologies to remove or destroy PFAS compounds effectively.

The agency’s regulatory actions reflect a robust commitment to addressing the complex challenges posed by PFAS, leveraging a broad spectrum of regulatory, scientific, and enforcement tools. These efforts are particularly crucial given the widespread use of PFAS in various industrial applications and consumer products, which have historically contributed to the persistent environmental presence of these toxic substances.

The EPA’s decisive step to establish national drinking water standards for PFAS marks a significant milestone in the ongoing effort to safeguard public health against these hazardous chemicals. The EPA aims to reduce the prevalence of PFAS in drinking water and mitigate their long-term health impacts, ensuring safer water for all communities. Water treatment professionals and public health officials are closely monitoring these developments, as the new standards will necessitate advanced treatment solutions, rigorous monitoring protocols, and enhanced public communication strategies to manage PFAS risks effectively. The regulatory emphasis on PFAS underscores the urgent need for strategies to protect water quality and public health from these enduring contaminants.

Resources:
EPA
Crowell
Fronteras Desk
The Center Square

A Simple Solution to Microplastics?

By
Nate Talley
-
Water sample contaminated with microplastics

Recent research has unveiled a surprisingly straightforward method for mitigating nano- and microplastics (NMPs) contamination in drinking water, an issue increasingly plaguing our water supplies. This method, which aligns well with the principles of simplicity and cost-effectiveness desired in water treatment processes, involves the mere act of boiling calcium-rich tap water and subsequently filtering it. Such a procedure, as highlighted in a study published in ACS’ Environmental Science & Technology Letters, demonstrates the potential to eliminate nearly 90% of NMPs from water.

NMPs, varying in size from a mere one-thousandth of a millimeter to as large as 5 millimeters, are omnipresent in various environments, including water, soil, and air. The health implications of these particles are a growing concern, particularly their potential impact on the human gut microbiome. While advanced filtration systems exist that can tackle NMPs, the quest for accessible, inexpensive solutions is critical for widespread application and significant reduction in human plastic ingestion.

The innovative approach explored by researchers Zhanjun Li, Eddy Zeng, and their team hinges on the interaction between boiling water and the calcium compounds typically found in hard tap water. Their experiments, conducted with tap water samples from Guangzhou, China, involved spiking the water with NMPs, boiling it for five minutes, and allowing it to cool before assessing the remaining plastic content. They discovered that boiling facilitates the formation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) incrustants, which encase the plastic particles, allowing them to be subsequently removed either through natural sedimentation or by a simple filtration step, like using a coffee filter.

This encapsulation process is particularly effective in hard water, where higher levels of calcium carbonate are present. The research indicated that in water samples containing 300 milligrams of CaCO3 per liter, up to 90% of NMPs could be removed post-boiling. Remarkably, the method still had efficacy in softer water samples, achieving a reduction of around 25% of NMPs.

For water treatment professionals, the implications of this research are profound yet implementable. This method presents a scalable, low-cost strategy that can be integrated into existing water treatment frameworks, especially in regions with hard water. It could serve as a preliminary treatment step, reducing the load on more advanced and expensive filtration systems downstream. The scalability of this method could be enhanced by adapting existing infrastructure to include boiling and filtration stages specifically designed for NMP removal.

Moreover, this approach encourages further exploration into the relationship between water hardness and other water treatment methodologies, potentially unveiling more such straightforward, efficient solutions. It also underscores the importance of interdisciplinary research, combining principles from chemistry, environmental science, and engineering to tackle pressing environmental health issues.

The study provides a promising avenue for water treatment professionals to explore, offering a simple, cost-effective, and scalable method to significantly reduce NMPs in drinking water. Its integration into existing water treatment protocols could not only enhance the efficiency of removing contaminants but also contribute to the broader goal of safeguarding public health and preserving the integrity of our water resources. As the fight against plastic pollution intensifies, simple solutions like this will be crucial in shaping the future of water treatment and environmental stewardship.

Resources: Environmental Science & Technology

World Water Day: How Far We’ve Come

By
Nate Talley
-
World Water Day

World Water Day is coming up on March 22, 2024, marking 31 years since its beginning in 1993. At that time about 60% of the world’s population had access to clean water. A mere three decades later that number has risen to 75%, an increase including billions of people worldwide. Today we delve into the advancements in technology, policy, and community engagement that have propelled forward the accessibility of safe water, transforming lives and ecosystems across the globe. 

One of the most notable advancements in the quest for universal access to clean drinking water has been the development and deployment of low-cost and accessible technologies. From solar-powered water purification systems to portable, cheap filtration devices, innovation has been at the forefront of tackling water scarcity and contamination issues. For instance, reverse osmosis and UV purification systems have become more affordable and efficient, enabling their use in remote and resource-limited settings. These technologies not only purify water but also do so in a sustainable manner, aligning with global efforts to combat climate change. 

Another significant technological breakthrough has been the advent of real-time water quality monitoring systems. These systems employ sensors and remote communication technologies to provide instant data on water safety, allowing for prompt action to prevent contamination. Such advancements have revolutionized the way water quality is managed, ensuring safer drinking water for communities worldwide. 

Parallel to technological innovations, there have been substantial policy and infrastructure improvements aimed at expanding access to clean water. International agreements and national policies have increasingly recognized water as a fundamental human right, leading to more targeted and coordinated efforts to address water scarcity and pollution. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 6, have galvanized global action to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by 2030. 

Governments and international organizations have ramped up investments in water infrastructure, from the construction of modern treatment facilities to the rehabilitation of aging pipelines and sewage systems. These investments have been critical in expanding access to clean water, particularly in urban areas where the demand for safe water continues to grow. 

Advances in access to clean drinking water have also been driven by increased community engagement and education. Grassroots movements, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and local governments have played pivotal roles in raising awareness about water issues, advocating for policy change, and implementing community-based water projects. Education programs focusing on water conservation, hygiene, and sanitation have empowered communities to take an active role in managing their water resources, leading to sustainable water use practices and improved public health outcomes. 

Community-driven water projects, such as rainwater harvesting and the restoration of traditional water systems, have demonstrated the power of local knowledge and participation in achieving water security. These initiatives often incorporate traditional practices with modern technologies, creating resilient and adaptable water management systems.  
 
Despite the progress made, challenges remain in ensuring universal access to clean drinking water. Population growth, political instability, and industrial pollution continue to strain water resources, highlighting the need for continued innovation and collaboration. The water treatment industry plays a crucial role in this endeavor, offering expertise, technologies, and solutions to address the complex challenges of water scarcity and contamination. 

As we move forward, the integration of advanced technologies, robust policy frameworks, and community involvement will be critical in overcoming these challenges. The water treatment industry must continue to innovate, not just in terms of technological solutions but also in how these solutions are implemented and scaled globally. Collaboration across sectors and disciplines will be essential in ensuring that the advances made in the last thirty years serve as a foundation for a future where access to clean drinking water is a reality for all. The strides made towards improving access to clean drinking water over the last thirty years represent a remarkable achievement, but the battle is far from over. For water treatment professionals, the task ahead is not just about sustaining the momentum but accelerating it, ensuring that the next decades are marked by even greater achievements in providing safe, accessible water to every corner of the globe. 
 

Resources: WSJ, NatGeo, Our World in Data

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